What language level do you need for permanent residency in Europe?

Moving to Europe for permanent residency is a dream for many. Yet one of the key requirements in many European countries is knowledge of the local language. What level of proficiency do you actually need to qualify for permanent residency? In this article we break down the requirements across different European countries.

Language levels under the CEFR framework

Most European countries rely on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), which divides language proficiency into six levels:

• A1 - beginner;
• A2 - elementary;
• B1 - intermediate;
• B2 - upper-intermediate;
• C1 - advanced;
• C2 - near-native.

Language requirements by country

Germany

To obtain permanent residency in Germany, you must demonstrate German at B1 level. That means being able to grasp the main ideas of a standard German text, hold a conversation on everyday topics and write simple texts.

France

Since 1 January 2026 France requires French at B1 for a first resident card (10-year permanent residence), A2 for a multi-year residence card and B2 for citizenship. A2 means you understand simple expressions and communicate on everyday matters. You are also expected to complete integration courses, which cover not only language but also French cultural norms and rules of daily life.

Spain

Spain sets no language exam for permanent residency. For citizenship you need Spanish at A2 - a basic standard for everyday situations, proven by the DELE exam - and a test on the constitution and culture of the country.

Italy

Italy asks residency applicants to know Italian at A2 level. This covers basic conversational skills, understanding of simple texts and the ability to sustain a dialogue on everyday topics. In recent years the Italian government has placed growing emphasis on integration courses that help immigrants settle in more quickly.

Austria

Austria requires German at B1 level. Proficiency is assessed through an exam with both oral and written sections. Applicants must also complete an integration course designed to give foreigners a better understanding of Austrian culture and social norms.

Sweden

Sweden imposes no strict language requirements for permanent residency, but citizenship calls for Swedish at A2-B1 level. Even so, reaching B1 makes it considerably easier to adapt and find work in the country.

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands, permanent residency requires the language at A2 level. Passing the Dutch-language exam is mandatory, and free preparatory courses are often available to immigrants.

Finland

Finland requires Finnish or Swedish at A2 level for permanent residency, with a higher bar of B1 for citizenship. Notably, the Finnish government actively supports immigrants in learning the language through free courses.

How to prepare for a language exam

Start learning before you move

It pays to begin studying the language of your destination well before you relocate. Doing so helps you adapt and settle into your new environment far more quickly.

Attend integration courses

In many countries, integration courses are a mandatory part of the residency process. They combine language training with an introduction to the country's culture and social life.

Practise the language day to day

The more you use the language in everyday life, the faster you master it. Talk to locals, attend cultural events and watch films in the country's language.

Use online resources

Modern technology offers plenty of ways to learn a language. Apps such as Duolingo, Babbel and Memrise can help you build the basics.

Language is a decisive factor in a successful move and in securing permanent residency in Europe. Requirements vary from country to country, but in most cases you will need a level between A2 and B1. Prepare in advance, take the relevant courses and lean on the support of specialists.

What changed in 2025-2026

Language requirements in Europe are getting stricter. The most visible change is France: since 1 January 2026 a multi-year card requires A2, the 10-year resident card B1, and citizenship B2, with a civic exam added on top. Ireland still grants citizenship without a language exam, but the government has approved the outline of a bill to introduce language and civics tests. Spain, by contrast, sets no exam for permanent residence and asks for A2 and a test on the constitution and culture for citizenship.

Summary by country: permanent residence and citizenship

Rules change, so before filing we check the requirements as of your application date.

How to prove your level

• A certificate from a recognised exam centre stating the level on the common European scale; most countries publish a list of accepted exams.
• A diploma from education in the country's language: in many countries it replaces the exam.
• Certificate validity: some countries accept only recent results, so it is better to sit the exam shortly before filing.

How not to lose a year

Time is most often lost by people who start preparing for the language at the same time as filing. A realistic plan is to reach the required level a year before the residence period is complete and pass the exam in advance. Murblz specialists work out the timeline for your country, tell you which exam it accepts and prepare the rest of the file while you study.

FAQ